2.4 Upon Westminster Bridge
ICE BREAKERS
• (i) A bridge connects people at either sides of a river or valleys in cities or villages. Discuss with your partner the importance of a bridge to both-the cities and the villages and complete the table.
Cities
Helps to reach other part
Helps to cross the road
Overbridge helps to smooth traffic
Avoids accidents
Villages
Shortens the distance
Saves time
Saves life
Increases contacts
(ii) Building a bridge needs careful planning. Think about what goes on before the actual construction begins.
Proper planning
Inspecting sights
Measurement
Drawing of the bridge (Blueprint)
Estimate
Purchasing land
Tendering
• You might have visited a bridge. Complete the web describing the sights you could see from the bridge.

BRAINSTORMING
Complete the following statements.
1. He would be dull soul who .......
2. ....... lie open to field and sky.
3. ....... never steeped so beautifully.
4. The city wears.......
1. The garment is compared with morning
2. The morning looks beautiful because it is silent.
3. Guess the meaning of ‘glideth’. It is archaic word meaning glide , here swim .
4. Guess what is referred to as the ‘Mighty heart’. People of the city
(A1) For preparing questions based on the poem, overall understanding of the poem is a must. Discuss with your partner and prepare a set of five questions.
For example:
a. What is the name of the bridge?
b. What does the city wear?
c. What is the beautiful morning compared to?
d. Mention the beautiful sights referred to in the poem.
e. State beautiful sights that can be seen from the bidge
f. How is the river?
g. What does the poet tell to the god?
(A2) (i) Choose the correct alternative for the given lines. Focus on the inference of the poet.
(a) ‘Earth has not anything to show more fair:’
The line means-
(1) The poet thinks that the place was not so good.
(2) The poet thinks that there is another place which is more beautiful than this.
(3) The poet thinks that there is no place on the earth which is as beautiful as this one.
(b) ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by’
The line means-
(1) One can walk over the bridge and ignore the surrounding beauty.
(2) One can halt at the place to enjoy the beauty.
(3) Anyone with an appreciative mind would not be able to ignore the beauty.
(c) Never did sun more beautifully steep. The line means -
(1)The sun did not shine so beautifully.
(2) The sun rise was more beautiful the poet had ever seen.
(3) The sun did not rise more beautifully that morning.
(d)
(ii) ‘Earth has not anything to show more fair.’
This line expresses the poet’s feelings. The sight he saw from the bridge is beautiful. There are a few more lines similar to the above. With the help of your partner find them and discuss what they express.
Never did sun more beautifully steep
Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm, so deep!
The river glideth at his own sweet will:
(iii) The poem creates a delightful picture of the city, rich in its natural beauty. Work in pairs, groups and pick out the lines from the poem which give the pictorial effect to the poem. Write it in your own words.
This city now doth, like a garment, wear
The beauty of the morning;
Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie
Open unto the fields, and to the sky;
(A3) Find out the words and phrases which describe the following. One is done for you.
sight touching in its majesty
air smokeless
river sweet will
house asleep
morning like a garment
sun steep in his splendour
Heart mighty
Sky bright
(A4) Read the line :
(i) ‘The city now, doth, like a garment wear’. The poet imagines that the city is wearing a beautiful garment. Hence, the figure of speech is personification. Find out more examples of personification from the poem.
Never did sun more beautifully steep
In his first splendour
(ii) ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by.’
This line of the poem can be rewritten as:
'He would be of dull soul.'
The figure of speech is known as ‘Inversion’.
Find out one more example of Inversion from the poem.
Never did sun more beautifully steep
Ne’er saw I
(iii) The poem is a Petrarchan Sonnet. The poem is divided into two parts-
(a) An Octave
The first part comprising eight lines.
(b) A sestet
The second part comprising six lines.
Read the first four lines of the poem. The rhyme scheme is a b b a. Read the rhyme scheme for next four lines. It is a b b a. Now read the first three lines of the sestet and note the rhyme scheme. It is c d c. The rhyme scheme of the last three lines is d c d. This is the common design of a Petrarchan Sonnet.
Mrs. Adis : Ice beakers and Brainstorming
Activities from the margin of the lesson
The writer describes Mrs. Adis as -
a small woman
Thin woman
Brown hard face
Hair like wrinkles
Mrs. Adis asks Peter crouch whether he has had a quarrel with the keepers. This shows that
Peter Crouch is hot temper
He gets into quarrel easily.
Mr. Adis knew his nature.
List some characteristics of Mrs. Adis based on this incident.
Faithful , trustworthy, good , helpful , forgetful
Give reason :
Vilder guessed that Crouch has taken refuge at Mrs. Adis’ house because he was a friend of Mrs. Adis’s son Tom. Crouch didn’t know that he had shot Tom dead.
The row took place because the keepers scared Peter Crouch who fired the gun in darkness.
Mrs. Adis unlocked the door because she had forgiven Peter and wanted him to run away safely.
Guess the meaning: ‘wrung’ here means
Find the difference between: shivering and trembling
BRAINSTORMING
(A1) (i) Discuss with your partner and describe the atmosphere in the woods when Peter Crouch was heading towards Mrs. Adis’s House. It was-
(a) a dark moonless night.
(b) a few stars in the sky
(c) windless , silent and clear night
(ii) Peter Crouch didn’t knock before entering Mrs. Adis’s house.
The reason was-
(a) Peter Crouch didn’t want to make noise.
(b) He wanted nobody to hear the noise of knocking
(c) He was in haste.
(iii) Go through the text again and find the reasons that forced Peter to shoot down a person.
(a) The keepers spotted him.
(b) He had fears of being caught.
(c) They were more in numbers.
(iv) Mrs. Adis didn’t hand over Peter Crouch to the keepers because-
(a) He was her son Tom’s friend.
(b) Tom would want her to stay by him.
(A2) The writer has used a phrase ‘Thudding Heart’ which means pounding, or beating of heart. Do you know ‘Thud’ is an onomatopoeic word which means a heavy sound made by an object falling to the ground. Discuss with your partner and make a list of Onomatopoeic words that you find in the text.
(a) crackling
(b) rustling
(c) bark
Activities other than the text
A1 Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the following statements.
1) Peter/ Mrs. Adis was stooping over the fire.
2) Peter knocked the door/walked straight in the cottage.
3) Peter thought he killed/ shot a man.
4) Mrs. Adis was a woman with a hard/soft face.
A2. Complete the statement: Peter was in trouble because …………
A3. The kettle boiled over and Mrs Adis mechanically put it at the side of the fire. Find the deeper meaning of this statement.
A4. Imagine a young man comes to you pleading to protect him from police. Write how you will react.
A5. Language Study.
1. He did not knock, but walked straight in. (Rewrite into simple sentence.)
Ans. Without knocking he walked straight in.
2. I shot a man. (Rewrite into passive voice.)
Ans. A man was shot by me.
A6. Vocabulary.

Across.
2. a line in the skin of face
3, overcrowded
4. too many to be counted
Down
1. reluctant to do something
2.3 There is Another Sky
(i) Life is an amalgam of happy and sad moments. Think of such moments in your life, pair with your classmate and share both the aspects of life.
Happy Moments
Sad Moments
1. Winning the first prize in a competition
Losing your mobile, bicycle or wallet2. Getting admission in the college of our choiceNot getting admission3. Meeting old friendsParting from friends
(ii) Discuss with your partner and find proverbs, idioms or phrases of similar meaning to the one given and fill them in the stars given below:

(i) When we look at the sky, we find several objects. They stand for something or the other. Complete the following table by finding the significance of the given objects. One example is given to you.
Sr. No.Celstial BodiesAssociation1.The SunPower, Heat, Energy, Commitment etc.2.The Moon Beauty, Light , Calmness, Love etc3.The Rainbow Unity, Beauty , Hope, etc4.The StarsLight, Eternity, Guide, etc
(ii) Colours mentioned in the hexagons given below, are associated with something or the other. Discuss with your partner and fill in the blanks.

There is another sky,
Ever serene and fair,
And there is another sunshine,
Though it be darkness there;
Never mind faded forests, Austin,
Never mind silent fields—
Here is a little forest,
Whose leaf is ever green;
Here is a brighter garden,
Where not a frost has been;
In its unfading flowers
I hear the bright bee hum:
Prithee, my brother,
Into my garden come!
-Emily Dickinson
(A1) (i) Imagine your younger sister is not paying attention to her studies and is seen wasting time playing games on her cell-phone. Suggest some ways that will help her to concentrate on her studies and overcome her bad habit.
Ans : Hey, Amruta, you are not paying attention to your study . It’s a bad habit to play games on cellphone. You should keep in mind that it makes one lazy for everything and busy for nothing. You should be crazy for books. Work hard to be Lord.
(ii) You have noticed that many of your classmates are not interested in outdoor games or participating in co-curricular activities. Discuss some ways in which they will be encouraged to participate in activities.
Ans: The College should organise outdoor games. Participation in at least two activities should be made compulsory. Winners should get reward and certificate. The certificate should have weightage in the exam.
(A2) (i) Discuss with your partner and complete the web, highlighting the sad and gloomy aspects of life mentioned in the first part of the poem.


(ii) The poet encourages her brother in the second part of the poem by telling him about the brighter side of life. Discuss with your partner and make a list of the expressions in the poem that mean encouragement.
(a) Brighter garden
(b) unfading flower
(c) bright bee hum
(iii) The poet has described two different shades of human feelings by using imagery of various forces of Nature in the poem. Pick out the terms or phrases that describe them. Complete the table given below. One is done for you.
Nature
Feelings
Faded forests
Sad/gloomySilent fieldslonelinessBright bee humjoy
(iv) The poem expresses feelings of serenity. Pick out expressions from the above poem that express the same.
(v) Compare and contrast the two opposing human feelings as expressed by the poet.
(A3) ‘Never mind faded forests, Austin’. The word ‘faded’ means to become dim or faint. The word describes the forests that have become faint or dim in appearance. Now go through the poem again and complete the table.
Describing WordObjectExplanation1. fadedforestsThe forests have become faint or dim in appearance2. silentfieldsThe field has no trace of birds.3. unfadingflowerThe flower that mains on tree forever.4. brightbeeThe bee is excited.
(A4) ‘I hear the bright bee hum.’ The poet has used the word ‘hum’ that indicates the sound made by the bee. This is an example of Onomatopoeia. The poet has used different figures of speech like alliteration, inversion and hyperbole in the poem. Identify them and pick out the lines accordingly.
(a) Hyperbole – In its unfading flowers
(b) Alliteration – bright bee, faded forest
(c) Inversion – into my garden come
(A5) Imagine your friend is a table tennis champion who has won the semi-final in the inter-collegiate championship. Due to over confidence, she neither practices nor does she take her opponent seriously. This may result in her losing the final. Suggest some ways to make her aware of the importance of hard work and regular practice.
(A6) (i) Use the following points and write an appreciation of the poem:
• About the poem, poet and title
• Theme
• Poetic style, language, poetic devices used in the poem
• Special features
• Message/values/morals in the poem
• Your opinion about the poem
(ii) Write a summary of the poem with the help of the points given below:
• Title
• Introductory paragraph (about the poem/ type/nature/tone)
• Main body (central idea/gist of the poem)
• Conclusion/ opinions/views/appeal
(iii) Let’s compose a poem. Two lines are given. Add two of your own.
There is another sky,
Ever serene and fair
Get up and fly
Wait not , ride on mare
Pillars Of Democracy:Activities
ICE BREAKERS
(i) Discuss with your partner and choose the correct alternative.
‘Government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth’. This famous statement is made by -
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Nelson Mandela
(c) Abraham Lincoln (d) Dalai Lama
(ii) A system where the government is elected and ruled by people is called-
(a) Bureaucracy (b) Aristocracy (c) Democracy (d) Autocracy
(iii) A democratic country is governed by, its-
(a) Military (b) Police (c) Politicians (d) Constitution
(i) The trinity of democracy comprises three principles. Complete the web to show the trinity of democracy.

(ii) Match the following.
Sr. No.Column AColumn B1.Constitution a. It is the freedom to go where you want,
do what you want etc.2.Liberty b. It is the state of being equal, especially in status,
rights or opportunities.3.Equality c. It is the sense of common brotherhood.4.Fraternity d. It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or
established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity,
organization or other type of entity and
commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
Ans : 1.Constitution ___ d. It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
2.Liberty ____ a. It is the freedom to go where you want,do what you want etc.
3.Equality ____ b. It is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities.
4.Fraternity ____ c. It is the sense of common brotherhood.
(iii) Pillars form a support for concrete buildings. Metaphorically speaking a strong nation too depends on strong pillars. Discuss with your partner and explain the pillars of a democratic nation. Make a list of obstacles that are a threat to the progress of a nation.
Democratic nation rests on four pillars. These are legislation, administration, judiciary and press. For the smooth running of democracy laws are made. It is done by legislative body. The implementation of laws and government policies is taken care of by administration. To assure people about justice there is judiciary department. When these three pillars tremors , the press keeps watch on them.
A list of obstacles
1. Corruption
2. Population Explosion
3. Environment degradation
(A1) (i) Form groups and use the following topics for discussion. Take the help of your college library and your teacher.
• Need for democracy
• Features of the Constitution of India
• Freedom of speech
• Dictatorship Vs Democracy
• Qualities of an ideal politician
• Equality before law
(ii) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
(a) There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men. True
(b) Hero-worship leads to dictatorship. True
(c) Liberty cannot be divorced from equality.True
(d) One man one vote and one vote one value. True
(e) Fraternity means common sense. False Correct : Fraternity means common brotherhood.
(iii) In his speech, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar has expressed his deep concern over the absence of two things in the then Indian society. Discuss with your partner and complete the web.

(A2) (i) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has cited the quotes by John Stuart Mill and Daniel O’Connel. Go through the lesson and write down 4 to 5 lines for each of them.
Ans: John Stuart Mill advocates not to loose liberty at any cost, not for anybody else. Liberty is a precious gift got with a strenuous struggle and assured with constitution. According to Irish Patriot Daniel O'Connel chastity is important for woman,honour for man and freedom for nation. Nothing is greater than these three principles in the life .
(ii) Discuss with your partner and make a list of steps that you feel are essential to unite the people of different castes, race, religions and languages in India.
Ans: Social equality as well as economic equality must be brought at the earliest possible.Secondly liberty for all to learn, to speak, to earn is one more step to unite people. A sense of common brotherhood over the language, caste, creed , race, region and religion.
(iii) Write your views/opinions in brief on the following topics.
(a) We must always cast our vote.
(b) Liberty, equality and fraternity lead to an ideal nation.
(c) Steps to be taken to eradicate inequality.
(d) Role of youth in creating social awareness.
(A3) (i) Let’s use the Thesaurus.
Along with your partner, go to library or search the internet for a standard Thesaurus to complete the following table. One is done for you.
Sr. No.WordTypeSynonymAntonym1.observeverbnotice, discern, detect, markoverlook,ignore2.abandonedadjforsaken,leftadopted,cherished3.gratefuladjindebted,obligedungrateful,thankless4.initiativenounleadership, lethargy, apathy, idleness5.perilnoundanger, destruction,hazardsafety, protection,security6.separationnounpartition,split,break, ruptureunion, connection, attachment
(ii) Homograph : Homograph is a word spelt and pronounced like another word but with a different meaning. For example: the word ‘fast’ has two meanings.
The different meanings are-
fast- hold firmly
fast- to abstain from food
fast- opposite of slow.
Go through the text again and make a list of meanings of all the homographs that are found in the text. Also make a list of such words that you know, heard or read somewhere.
(A4) (i) Go through the statement taken from the text –
‘The social democracy means a way of life which recognises liberty, equality and fraternity’.
The underlined part of the statement provides us some fact/information about social democracy. The remaining part or the sentence which is not underlined can be converted into a wh-question.
What does social democracy mean?
Now go through the underlined part of the statements/sentences given below and change them into questions by using the appropriate Wh-forms.
(a) In Politics we will be recognizing the principle of ‘one man one vote’ and ‘one vote one value’.
Ans : Which principle will we be recognizing in politics?
(b) The politically minded Indians preferred the expression ‘the Indian nation’.
Ans: Which expression did the politically minded Indians prefer?
(c) Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood of all Indians.
Ans: What does fraternity mean?
More Activities
A1. Complete the table about a life of contradiction .
Introduction to Summary
A summary is a record which a writer writes in his or her words. It gives the main points of the passage, note or a conversation. A summary is a brief collection of all the important points. It is a short version of a long essay. A summary must have all the points from the passage or from the notes. This is among the note making examples.

Usage of Summary
It is a good way of improving the ability to read. Writing summaries helps the writer to focus on understanding the whole.
It has a great importance in academic terms
Writing summary has an important role in the professional era
Browse more Topics under Note Making
Intro, Advantages and Strategies of Note Making
Styles of Note Making
Mechanics of Linear Note Making
Good Summaries as Note Making Examples
A good summary has an objective of the whole passage
It should not have irrelevant content
It may contain the main idea of each of the paragraphs
A good summary may use the keywords from the original text but not the metaphor
You must express a good summary in your own words
Steps for Summarizing
The very first step for making a summary is to have a reading skill
Underline or mark the main sentences of the passage
After collecting the main points, check for the appropriateness of the ideas for making the summary
Prepare the first draft of the summary. Use can omit or add any piece of information.
Limit the written summary
Techniques for Summarization
There are three important techniques for making a summary. They are-
Selection
Rejection
Substitution
Selection
For making a summary, it is very important to select the main idea, keywords and the special terms in the source. They help in getting the idea and making the summary.
Rejection
It is a process of removing unwanted and not so important sentences while making summaries as note making examples.
Substitution
It is a process in which new sentences get to add up instead of the previous one. Also, several sentences are combined to form one sentence. It reduces the length of the summary.
Important Points to Remember for Making Summary
While making a summary it is very important to keep a few things in mind. Some of them are
Carefully select the theme of the passage
Read with who, what, when, where, why, and how questions in mind
Do not rewrite the original text
Leave no scope for confusion
Include all the main ideas
Do not include any unnecessary or repetitive sentences
Do not make any assumptions
The length of the summary must not exceed 25 percent of the original text
Do not change the original source
Do not include quotations, metaphors, and other figures of speech
Logically link each section
Prefer short, simple and clear sentences
Try to cover maximum points
Reach a conclusion if required
Summaries as Note Making Examples
Till now we get ourselves familiar with all the necessary skills for making a good summary. Here we are going to make a summary from a given passage. It is also very interesting to make a summary from notes. Let us get started with the note making examples.
Passage
Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example, numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important thing is that you must talk about other fellow’s hobby rather than yours’. Talk to your friends about the things that interest them, and you will get a reputation for good fellowship, and a brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people so much as your interest in their interest.
It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what subjects to select for good conversation. If you don’t want to be set down as a bore, be careful to avoid certain unpleasant subjects. Avoid talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems not in yours.
To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say, but how also to say it. Be mentally quick and witty. Finally, try to avoid mannerism in your conversation. Don’t click your tongue, or roll your eyes or use your hands excessively as you speak.
Summary
Conversation is the easiest and the most effective tool than other arts. To have such an attractive quality, you need to pick a subject that interests your listeners more than you. Talking to your friends on topics that can indulge them in the conversation for a longer period of time gives such an idea. Being a good conversationalist, you have to be quick and witty. You should have a pleasant and non-hurting quality. Mannerism should be avoided.
Solved Example for You
Problem: From the given note try to make a suitable summary.
Title: Horrible Civic Sense and Possible Solution.
Deteriorating civic sense in urban India
Bad behavior of the rich
Bad drinking habits
Drinking on roadside
Wee hours
Disrespect towards women
Passing lewd comments on women
No difference in behavior: rich or not so rich
Police apathy compounding the problem
Policemen looking the other way
Not interested in happenings
An accident in Gurgaon as an example
A small car hit by big car symbolizing class division in society
Man test driving: hitting family in a small car, killing the husband and injuring wife
Money power coming to the rescue of the rich
Police turning a blind eye towards the culprit
Culprit managing to flee from the scene
Culprit getting bail by using monetary influence
Pondering over reasons for the current situtn
Overpowering sense of sudden wealth
Sudden wealth: people irresponsible citizens
All pervasiveness of uncivil behavior
More in north: some incidence in other parts as well
Questionable role of media in framing value system
Media ignoring important social issues
Searching for solution
Stop accepting the state of affairs
Individual unable to resist crime
Challenging the perpetrators of crime
Group to fight crime, bad behavior
Rapid ecomic growth and slow ecomic growth
Which is better?
The preferred situation
Keys
Situtn – Situation
Ecomic – Economic
Solution:
Summary
It has been observed that urbanization has promoted insensitivity, arrogance, and selfishness. The narrator feels disturbed to see the youngsters consuming alcohol and passing indecent comments. The horrible accident that took place in Gurgaon is the pinnacle of absurdity and injustice. Avinash Shah was killed by a businessman while test driving a new car. His wife and daughter barely survived. The culprit was not arrested. He was arrested after two days so that the law can be manipulated. Who is responsible for such mishaps? Media, police or the system? The reply may be any. But we need to fight against such malpractices together. The slower growth rate of the economy is preferred than insane and uncivilized society
.......In social & Economic Life......one vote one value...
Ans;
In politicsIn social & Economic Lifeequalityinequalityone vote one valueDeny one man one value
A2. Fraternity leads to the social stability. Explain the statement.
A3. Mention two things to save democracy.
A4. Write antonyms of the following words :
1. deny 2. peril 3. common 4. unity 5. bless 6. importing 7. social 8. national
A5. Give your opinion about
ICE BREAKERS
• (i) A bridge connects people at either sides of a river or valleys in cities or villages. Discuss with your partner the importance of a bridge to both-the cities and the villages and complete the table.
Cities
Helps to reach other part
Helps to cross the road
Overbridge helps to smooth traffic
Avoids accidents
Villages
Shortens the distance
Saves time
Saves life
Increases contacts
(ii) Building a bridge needs careful planning. Think about what goes on before the actual construction begins.
Proper planning
Inspecting sights
Measurement
Drawing of the bridge (Blueprint)
Estimate
Purchasing land
Tendering
• You might have visited a bridge. Complete the web describing the sights you could see from the bridge.

BRAINSTORMING
Complete the following statements.
1. He would be dull soul who .......
2. ....... lie open to field and sky.
3. ....... never steeped so beautifully.
4. The city wears.......
1. The garment is compared with morning
2. The morning looks beautiful because it is silent.
3. Guess the meaning of ‘glideth’. It is archaic word meaning glide , here swim .
4. Guess what is referred to as the ‘Mighty heart’. People of the city
(A1) For preparing questions based on the poem, overall understanding of the poem is a must. Discuss with your partner and prepare a set of five questions.
For example:
a. What is the name of the bridge?
b. What does the city wear?
c. What is the beautiful morning compared to?
d. Mention the beautiful sights referred to in the poem.
e. State beautiful sights that can be seen from the bidge
f. How is the river?
g. What does the poet tell to the god?
(A2) (i) Choose the correct alternative for the given lines. Focus on the inference of the poet.
(a) ‘Earth has not anything to show more fair:’
The line means-
(1) The poet thinks that the place was not so good.
(2) The poet thinks that there is another place which is more beautiful than this.
(3) The poet thinks that there is no place on the earth which is as beautiful as this one.
(b) ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by’
The line means-
(1) One can walk over the bridge and ignore the surrounding beauty.
(2) One can halt at the place to enjoy the beauty.
(3) Anyone with an appreciative mind would not be able to ignore the beauty.
(c) Never did sun more beautifully steep. The line means -
(1)The sun did not shine so beautifully.
(2) The sun rise was more beautiful the poet had ever seen.
(3) The sun did not rise more beautifully that morning.
(d)
(ii) ‘Earth has not anything to show more fair.’
This line expresses the poet’s feelings. The sight he saw from the bridge is beautiful. There are a few more lines similar to the above. With the help of your partner find them and discuss what they express.
Never did sun more beautifully steep
Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm, so deep!
The river glideth at his own sweet will:
(iii) The poem creates a delightful picture of the city, rich in its natural beauty. Work in pairs, groups and pick out the lines from the poem which give the pictorial effect to the poem. Write it in your own words.
This city now doth, like a garment, wear
The beauty of the morning;
Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie
Open unto the fields, and to the sky;
(A3) Find out the words and phrases which describe the following. One is done for you.
sight touching in its majesty
air smokeless
river sweet will
house asleep
morning like a garment
sun steep in his splendour
Heart mighty
Sky bright
(A4) Read the line :
(i) ‘The city now, doth, like a garment wear’. The poet imagines that the city is wearing a beautiful garment. Hence, the figure of speech is personification. Find out more examples of personification from the poem.
Never did sun more beautifully steep
In his first splendour
(ii) ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by.’
This line of the poem can be rewritten as:
'He would be of dull soul.'
The figure of speech is known as ‘Inversion’.
Find out one more example of Inversion from the poem.
Never did sun more beautifully steep
Ne’er saw I
(iii) The poem is a Petrarchan Sonnet. The poem is divided into two parts-
(a) An Octave
The first part comprising eight lines.
(b) A sestet
The second part comprising six lines.
Read the first four lines of the poem. The rhyme scheme is a b b a. Read the rhyme scheme for next four lines. It is a b b a. Now read the first three lines of the sestet and note the rhyme scheme. It is c d c. The rhyme scheme of the last three lines is d c d. This is the common design of a Petrarchan Sonnet.
Mrs. Adis : Ice beakers and Brainstorming
Activities from the margin of the lesson
The writer describes Mrs. Adis as -
a small woman
Thin woman
Brown hard face
Hair like wrinkles
Mrs. Adis asks Peter crouch whether he has had a quarrel with the keepers. This shows that
Peter Crouch is hot temper
He gets into quarrel easily.
Mr. Adis knew his nature.
List some characteristics of Mrs. Adis based on this incident.
Faithful , trustworthy, good , helpful , forgetful
Give reason :
Vilder guessed that Crouch has taken refuge at Mrs. Adis’ house because he was a friend of Mrs. Adis’s son Tom. Crouch didn’t know that he had shot Tom dead.
The row took place because the keepers scared Peter Crouch who fired the gun in darkness.
Mrs. Adis unlocked the door because she had forgiven Peter and wanted him to run away safely.
Guess the meaning: ‘wrung’ here means
Find the difference between: shivering and trembling
BRAINSTORMING
(A1) (i) Discuss with your partner and describe the atmosphere in the woods when Peter Crouch was heading towards Mrs. Adis’s House. It was-
(a) a dark moonless night.
(b) a few stars in the sky
(c) windless , silent and clear night
(ii) Peter Crouch didn’t knock before entering Mrs. Adis’s house.
The reason was-
(a) Peter Crouch didn’t want to make noise.
(b) He wanted nobody to hear the noise of knocking
(c) He was in haste.
(iii) Go through the text again and find the reasons that forced Peter to shoot down a person.
(a) The keepers spotted him.
(b) He had fears of being caught.
(c) They were more in numbers.
(iv) Mrs. Adis didn’t hand over Peter Crouch to the keepers because-
(a) He was her son Tom’s friend.
(b) Tom would want her to stay by him.
(A2) The writer has used a phrase ‘Thudding Heart’ which means pounding, or beating of heart. Do you know ‘Thud’ is an onomatopoeic word which means a heavy sound made by an object falling to the ground. Discuss with your partner and make a list of Onomatopoeic words that you find in the text.
(a) crackling
(b) rustling
(c) bark
Activities other than the text
A1 Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the following statements.
1) Peter/ Mrs. Adis was stooping over the fire.
2) Peter knocked the door/walked straight in the cottage.
3) Peter thought he killed/ shot a man.
4) Mrs. Adis was a woman with a hard/soft face.
A2. Complete the statement: Peter was in trouble because …………
A3. The kettle boiled over and Mrs Adis mechanically put it at the side of the fire. Find the deeper meaning of this statement.
A4. Imagine a young man comes to you pleading to protect him from police. Write how you will react.
A5. Language Study.
1. He did not knock, but walked straight in. (Rewrite into simple sentence.)
Ans. Without knocking he walked straight in.
2. I shot a man. (Rewrite into passive voice.)
Ans. A man was shot by me.
A6. Vocabulary.

Across.
2. a line in the skin of face
3, overcrowded
4. too many to be counted
Down
1. reluctant to do something
2.3 There is Another Sky
(i) Life is an amalgam of happy and sad moments. Think of such moments in your life, pair with your classmate and share both the aspects of life.
Happy Moments
Sad Moments
1. Winning the first prize in a competition
Losing your mobile, bicycle or wallet2. Getting admission in the college of our choiceNot getting admission3. Meeting old friendsParting from friends
(ii) Discuss with your partner and find proverbs, idioms or phrases of similar meaning to the one given and fill them in the stars given below:

(i) When we look at the sky, we find several objects. They stand for something or the other. Complete the following table by finding the significance of the given objects. One example is given to you.
Sr. No.Celstial BodiesAssociation1.The SunPower, Heat, Energy, Commitment etc.2.The Moon Beauty, Light , Calmness, Love etc3.The Rainbow Unity, Beauty , Hope, etc4.The StarsLight, Eternity, Guide, etc
(ii) Colours mentioned in the hexagons given below, are associated with something or the other. Discuss with your partner and fill in the blanks.

There is another sky,
Ever serene and fair,
And there is another sunshine,
Though it be darkness there;
Never mind faded forests, Austin,
Never mind silent fields—
Here is a little forest,
Whose leaf is ever green;
Here is a brighter garden,
Where not a frost has been;
In its unfading flowers
I hear the bright bee hum:
Prithee, my brother,
Into my garden come!
-Emily Dickinson
(A1) (i) Imagine your younger sister is not paying attention to her studies and is seen wasting time playing games on her cell-phone. Suggest some ways that will help her to concentrate on her studies and overcome her bad habit.
Ans : Hey, Amruta, you are not paying attention to your study . It’s a bad habit to play games on cellphone. You should keep in mind that it makes one lazy for everything and busy for nothing. You should be crazy for books. Work hard to be Lord.
(ii) You have noticed that many of your classmates are not interested in outdoor games or participating in co-curricular activities. Discuss some ways in which they will be encouraged to participate in activities.
Ans: The College should organise outdoor games. Participation in at least two activities should be made compulsory. Winners should get reward and certificate. The certificate should have weightage in the exam.
(A2) (i) Discuss with your partner and complete the web, highlighting the sad and gloomy aspects of life mentioned in the first part of the poem.


(ii) The poet encourages her brother in the second part of the poem by telling him about the brighter side of life. Discuss with your partner and make a list of the expressions in the poem that mean encouragement.
(a) Brighter garden
(b) unfading flower
(c) bright bee hum
(iii) The poet has described two different shades of human feelings by using imagery of various forces of Nature in the poem. Pick out the terms or phrases that describe them. Complete the table given below. One is done for you.
Nature
Feelings
Faded forests
Sad/gloomySilent fieldslonelinessBright bee humjoy
(iv) The poem expresses feelings of serenity. Pick out expressions from the above poem that express the same.
(v) Compare and contrast the two opposing human feelings as expressed by the poet.
(A3) ‘Never mind faded forests, Austin’. The word ‘faded’ means to become dim or faint. The word describes the forests that have become faint or dim in appearance. Now go through the poem again and complete the table.
Describing WordObjectExplanation1. fadedforestsThe forests have become faint or dim in appearance2. silentfieldsThe field has no trace of birds.3. unfadingflowerThe flower that mains on tree forever.4. brightbeeThe bee is excited.
(A4) ‘I hear the bright bee hum.’ The poet has used the word ‘hum’ that indicates the sound made by the bee. This is an example of Onomatopoeia. The poet has used different figures of speech like alliteration, inversion and hyperbole in the poem. Identify them and pick out the lines accordingly.
(a) Hyperbole – In its unfading flowers
(b) Alliteration – bright bee, faded forest
(c) Inversion – into my garden come
(A5) Imagine your friend is a table tennis champion who has won the semi-final in the inter-collegiate championship. Due to over confidence, she neither practices nor does she take her opponent seriously. This may result in her losing the final. Suggest some ways to make her aware of the importance of hard work and regular practice.
(A6) (i) Use the following points and write an appreciation of the poem:
• About the poem, poet and title
• Theme
• Poetic style, language, poetic devices used in the poem
• Special features
• Message/values/morals in the poem
• Your opinion about the poem
(ii) Write a summary of the poem with the help of the points given below:
• Title
• Introductory paragraph (about the poem/ type/nature/tone)
• Main body (central idea/gist of the poem)
• Conclusion/ opinions/views/appeal
(iii) Let’s compose a poem. Two lines are given. Add two of your own.
There is another sky,
Ever serene and fair
Get up and fly
Wait not , ride on mare
Pillars Of Democracy:Activities
ICE BREAKERS
(i) Discuss with your partner and choose the correct alternative.
‘Government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth’. This famous statement is made by -
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Nelson Mandela
(c) Abraham Lincoln (d) Dalai Lama
(ii) A system where the government is elected and ruled by people is called-
(a) Bureaucracy (b) Aristocracy (c) Democracy (d) Autocracy
(iii) A democratic country is governed by, its-
(a) Military (b) Police (c) Politicians (d) Constitution
(i) The trinity of democracy comprises three principles. Complete the web to show the trinity of democracy.

(ii) Match the following.
Sr. No.Column AColumn B1.Constitution a. It is the freedom to go where you want,
do what you want etc.2.Liberty b. It is the state of being equal, especially in status,
rights or opportunities.3.Equality c. It is the sense of common brotherhood.4.Fraternity d. It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or
established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity,
organization or other type of entity and
commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
Ans : 1.Constitution ___ d. It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
2.Liberty ____ a. It is the freedom to go where you want,do what you want etc.
3.Equality ____ b. It is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities.
4.Fraternity ____ c. It is the sense of common brotherhood.
(iii) Pillars form a support for concrete buildings. Metaphorically speaking a strong nation too depends on strong pillars. Discuss with your partner and explain the pillars of a democratic nation. Make a list of obstacles that are a threat to the progress of a nation.
Democratic nation rests on four pillars. These are legislation, administration, judiciary and press. For the smooth running of democracy laws are made. It is done by legislative body. The implementation of laws and government policies is taken care of by administration. To assure people about justice there is judiciary department. When these three pillars tremors , the press keeps watch on them.
A list of obstacles
1. Corruption
2. Population Explosion
3. Environment degradation
(A1) (i) Form groups and use the following topics for discussion. Take the help of your college library and your teacher.
• Need for democracy
• Features of the Constitution of India
• Freedom of speech
• Dictatorship Vs Democracy
• Qualities of an ideal politician
• Equality before law
(ii) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
(a) There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men. True
(b) Hero-worship leads to dictatorship. True
(c) Liberty cannot be divorced from equality.True
(d) One man one vote and one vote one value. True
(e) Fraternity means common sense. False Correct : Fraternity means common brotherhood.
(iii) In his speech, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar has expressed his deep concern over the absence of two things in the then Indian society. Discuss with your partner and complete the web.

(A2) (i) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has cited the quotes by John Stuart Mill and Daniel O’Connel. Go through the lesson and write down 4 to 5 lines for each of them.
Ans: John Stuart Mill advocates not to loose liberty at any cost, not for anybody else. Liberty is a precious gift got with a strenuous struggle and assured with constitution. According to Irish Patriot Daniel O'Connel chastity is important for woman,honour for man and freedom for nation. Nothing is greater than these three principles in the life .
(ii) Discuss with your partner and make a list of steps that you feel are essential to unite the people of different castes, race, religions and languages in India.
Ans: Social equality as well as economic equality must be brought at the earliest possible.Secondly liberty for all to learn, to speak, to earn is one more step to unite people. A sense of common brotherhood over the language, caste, creed , race, region and religion.
(iii) Write your views/opinions in brief on the following topics.
(a) We must always cast our vote.
(b) Liberty, equality and fraternity lead to an ideal nation.
(c) Steps to be taken to eradicate inequality.
(d) Role of youth in creating social awareness.
(A3) (i) Let’s use the Thesaurus.
Along with your partner, go to library or search the internet for a standard Thesaurus to complete the following table. One is done for you.
Sr. No.WordTypeSynonymAntonym1.observeverbnotice, discern, detect, markoverlook,ignore2.abandonedadjforsaken,leftadopted,cherished3.gratefuladjindebted,obligedungrateful,thankless4.initiativenounleadership, lethargy, apathy, idleness5.perilnoundanger, destruction,hazardsafety, protection,security6.separationnounpartition,split,break, ruptureunion, connection, attachment
(ii) Homograph : Homograph is a word spelt and pronounced like another word but with a different meaning. For example: the word ‘fast’ has two meanings.
The different meanings are-
fast- hold firmly
fast- to abstain from food
fast- opposite of slow.
Go through the text again and make a list of meanings of all the homographs that are found in the text. Also make a list of such words that you know, heard or read somewhere.
(A4) (i) Go through the statement taken from the text –
‘The social democracy means a way of life which recognises liberty, equality and fraternity’.
The underlined part of the statement provides us some fact/information about social democracy. The remaining part or the sentence which is not underlined can be converted into a wh-question.
What does social democracy mean?
Now go through the underlined part of the statements/sentences given below and change them into questions by using the appropriate Wh-forms.
(a) In Politics we will be recognizing the principle of ‘one man one vote’ and ‘one vote one value’.
Ans : Which principle will we be recognizing in politics?
(b) The politically minded Indians preferred the expression ‘the Indian nation’.
Ans: Which expression did the politically minded Indians prefer?
(c) Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood of all Indians.
Ans: What does fraternity mean?
More Activities
A1. Complete the table about a life of contradiction .
Introduction to Summary
A summary is a record which a writer writes in his or her words. It gives the main points of the passage, note or a conversation. A summary is a brief collection of all the important points. It is a short version of a long essay. A summary must have all the points from the passage or from the notes. This is among the note making examples.

Usage of Summary
It is a good way of improving the ability to read. Writing summaries helps the writer to focus on understanding the whole.
It has a great importance in academic terms
Writing summary has an important role in the professional era
Browse more Topics under Note Making
Intro, Advantages and Strategies of Note Making
Styles of Note Making
Mechanics of Linear Note Making
Good Summaries as Note Making Examples
A good summary has an objective of the whole passage
It should not have irrelevant content
It may contain the main idea of each of the paragraphs
A good summary may use the keywords from the original text but not the metaphor
You must express a good summary in your own words
Steps for Summarizing
The very first step for making a summary is to have a reading skill
Underline or mark the main sentences of the passage
After collecting the main points, check for the appropriateness of the ideas for making the summary
Prepare the first draft of the summary. Use can omit or add any piece of information.
Limit the written summary
Techniques for Summarization
There are three important techniques for making a summary. They are-
Selection
Rejection
Substitution
Selection
For making a summary, it is very important to select the main idea, keywords and the special terms in the source. They help in getting the idea and making the summary.
Rejection
It is a process of removing unwanted and not so important sentences while making summaries as note making examples.
Substitution
It is a process in which new sentences get to add up instead of the previous one. Also, several sentences are combined to form one sentence. It reduces the length of the summary.
Important Points to Remember for Making Summary
While making a summary it is very important to keep a few things in mind. Some of them are
Carefully select the theme of the passage
Read with who, what, when, where, why, and how questions in mind
Do not rewrite the original text
Leave no scope for confusion
Include all the main ideas
Do not include any unnecessary or repetitive sentences
Do not make any assumptions
The length of the summary must not exceed 25 percent of the original text
Do not change the original source
Do not include quotations, metaphors, and other figures of speech
Logically link each section
Prefer short, simple and clear sentences
Try to cover maximum points
Reach a conclusion if required
Summaries as Note Making Examples
Till now we get ourselves familiar with all the necessary skills for making a good summary. Here we are going to make a summary from a given passage. It is also very interesting to make a summary from notes. Let us get started with the note making examples.
Passage
Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example, numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important thing is that you must talk about other fellow’s hobby rather than yours’. Talk to your friends about the things that interest them, and you will get a reputation for good fellowship, and a brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people so much as your interest in their interest.
It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what subjects to select for good conversation. If you don’t want to be set down as a bore, be careful to avoid certain unpleasant subjects. Avoid talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems not in yours.
To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say, but how also to say it. Be mentally quick and witty. Finally, try to avoid mannerism in your conversation. Don’t click your tongue, or roll your eyes or use your hands excessively as you speak.
Summary
Conversation is the easiest and the most effective tool than other arts. To have such an attractive quality, you need to pick a subject that interests your listeners more than you. Talking to your friends on topics that can indulge them in the conversation for a longer period of time gives such an idea. Being a good conversationalist, you have to be quick and witty. You should have a pleasant and non-hurting quality. Mannerism should be avoided.
Solved Example for You
Problem: From the given note try to make a suitable summary.
Title: Horrible Civic Sense and Possible Solution.
Deteriorating civic sense in urban India
Bad behavior of the rich
Bad drinking habits
Drinking on roadside
Wee hours
Disrespect towards women
Passing lewd comments on women
No difference in behavior: rich or not so rich
Police apathy compounding the problem
Policemen looking the other way
Not interested in happenings
An accident in Gurgaon as an example
A small car hit by big car symbolizing class division in society
Man test driving: hitting family in a small car, killing the husband and injuring wife
Money power coming to the rescue of the rich
Police turning a blind eye towards the culprit
Culprit managing to flee from the scene
Culprit getting bail by using monetary influence
Pondering over reasons for the current situtn
Overpowering sense of sudden wealth
Sudden wealth: people irresponsible citizens
All pervasiveness of uncivil behavior
More in north: some incidence in other parts as well
Questionable role of media in framing value system
Media ignoring important social issues
Searching for solution
Stop accepting the state of affairs
Individual unable to resist crime
Challenging the perpetrators of crime
Group to fight crime, bad behavior
Rapid ecomic growth and slow ecomic growth
Which is better?
The preferred situation
Keys
Situtn – Situation
Ecomic – Economic
Solution:
Summary
It has been observed that urbanization has promoted insensitivity, arrogance, and selfishness. The narrator feels disturbed to see the youngsters consuming alcohol and passing indecent comments. The horrible accident that took place in Gurgaon is the pinnacle of absurdity and injustice. Avinash Shah was killed by a businessman while test driving a new car. His wife and daughter barely survived. The culprit was not arrested. He was arrested after two days so that the law can be manipulated. Who is responsible for such mishaps? Media, police or the system? The reply may be any. But we need to fight against such malpractices together. The slower growth rate of the economy is preferred than insane and uncivilized society
.......In social & Economic Life......one vote one value...
Ans;
In politicsIn social & Economic Lifeequalityinequalityone vote one valueDeny one man one value
A2. Fraternity leads to the social stability. Explain the statement.
A3. Mention two things to save democracy.
A4. Write antonyms of the following words :
1. deny 2. peril 3. common 4. unity 5. bless 6. importing 7. social 8. national
A5. Give your opinion about
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